Indian Renaissance

In the 19th century, reform movements emerged under the leadership of Renaissance leaders against Indian immorality.

Swaminarayan Movement

The Swaminarayan movement was a Hindu religious reform movement started in Gujarat in the early 19th century by Sahajananda Swami ( 1781–1830)  . He was a monotheist. The main goals were the remarriage of widows ,  the prohibition of female infanticide ,  and the prohibition of sati. This movement advised people to eat vegetarian food and give up alcohol and drugs. All religious groups were allowed to join the movement. This movement was a kind of protest against the luxurious practices of Vaishnavism. The movement, which emphasized personality development, advised social equality and leading a pure lifestyle.  

Faraizi Movement

The Faraizi Movement  was started in 1819 by Haji Shariatullah. The movement called upon the Muslims of Bengal to abandon un-Islamic practices and fulfill their duties as Muslims. The Faraizi Movement gained wide acceptance in the districts of Dhaka ,  Faridpur ,  Barisal ,  Mymensingh and Comilla. Shariatullah Khan and his son Dadu Mian led the first anti-tax campaign against the British government. Their volunteer group bravely faced the armed gangs of zamindars and indigo planters. The movement united all the farmers of Bengal against the tyranny of the landlords and illegal cultivation.

Satnami Movement

The Satnami movement was a reform movement that began in the 1820s in Chhattisgarh under the leadership of Ghazi Das  . This movement began among the Cham community. It opposed the caste system and  idol  worship . This movement called for seeing humans as one, regardless of caste differences. The word Satnami means true God. Ghazi Das was followed by his son Balak Das, who took over the leadership of the movement. He was killed by casteists for wearing the ponul, a traditional garment worn only by upper castes.

Young Bengal Movement

The Young Bengal Movement was a radical intellectual and  social reform movement that began in the 1820s under the leadership of Henry Louis Vivian DeRossio, a professor at the Hindu College in Calcutta . Its followers were also known as DeRossians. DeRossio encouraged students to question traditional norms and embrace rational and modern ideas. He criticized orthodox Hindu practices. DeRossio was expelled from the Hindu College in 1831 for his extremist stance. The Young Bengal Movement was the first social movement in India to be influenced by Western ideas. However ,  the movement only lasted until 1832.

Brahmo Samaj                                                  

Ram Mohan Roy was a social reformer who led Indian society from the darkness of immorality to the light of renaissance. The Brahma Samaj founded by Ram Mohan Roy was a notable presence in the Indian Renaissance.   Ram Mohan Roy formed an organization called the Spiritual Society in  1815  and formed the Brahma Sabha in  1828. This became the Brahma Samaj. Brahma Samaj means ' the congregation of one God '  . The goal of the Brahma Samaj was social reform by eliminating the immoralities and superstitions of the Hindu religion. The first meeting of the Brahma Samaj was held in Kolkata. The motto of the Brahma Samaj was "Sarva Dharma Savanga", which means that all faiths should be equal and respected equally. Tarachand Chakravarti was the first secretary of the Brahma Sabha. This movement raised its voice against immoral practices such as child marriage ,  polygamy ,  and the caste system. He opposed the denial of rights to girls in paternal property and strongly advocated for English education.  

He raised his voice for the abolition of irrational customs and practices that existed in the society in which he lived and for the freedom of women. As a result of Raja Ram Mohan Roy's work,   Lord William Bentinck abolished sati by law in 1829. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is also known as the father of the Indian Renaissance and  the father of modern India. After Raja Ram Mohan Roy ,  Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen came to the leadership of the Brahmo Samaj. The work of Maharishi Devendranath Tagore and Keshav Chandra Sen energized the Brahmo Samaj. Following the differences between them,  the Brahmo Samaj split into two in 1866  , the Adi Brahmo Samaj and the Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj. Devendranath Tagore was the leader of the Adi Brahmo Samaj. The Bharatiya Brahmo Samaj was led by Keshav Chandra Sen. The marriage of Keshav Chandra Sen's minor daughter to the Raja of Cooch Behar led to a split in the Indian Brahmo Samaj. In 1878  , the Indian Brahmo Samaj split again and Anand Mohan Bose and Sivananda Shastri founded the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. Anand Mohan Bose was the first president of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj and Shiv Chandra Deb was the first secretary.    

Main features of Brahmo Samaj

Rejected polytheism ,  idolatry ,  and idolatry. Advocated for legislation to improve the social status of women and protect children. Rejected the authority of the Vedas and the caste system. Promoted respect for all living beings. Supported secular values ​​and  opposed sectarianism.

Dharma Sabha

Dharmasabha was an organization founded by Radhakant Dev in Calcutta in 1830 to oppose the activities of the Brahmo Samaj and other social reform movements founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy  . Dharmasabha worked to promote a society that preserved the Hindu way of life or Hindu culture. However, Dharmasabha took a pro-Western stance in promoting Western education for girls. Dharmasabha appealed to the Privy Council in England against the enactment of a law to abolish ancient evils such as sati. Although  a petition was filed against the passage of the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act of 1856 , the law was enacted. Later, Dharmasabha had several branches in Bengal.

Wahabi Movement

Syed Ahmed Barelvi is  the founder of the Wahabi Movement. He was greatly influenced by the teachings of Abdul Wahhab in Arabia and the ascetic Shah Waliullah of Delhi. Patna in Bihar was the main center of the Wahhabi movement in India. It also had missions in Bombay ,  Bengal ,  UP ,  Hyderabad and  Madras. It was a powerful movement for socio-religious reforms in Indo-Islamic society in the 19th century.  The movement  gained strength in the  1830s  and was suppressed by  the 1870s . The Wahabi Movement reached its peak in the Ambeyla War  of  1863. Lord Elgin I was the Viceroy who suppressed the Wahhabi movement.

Tattvabodhini Sabha

The Tattvabodhini Sabha was an organization formed in Bengal in 1839 by Devendranath Tagore. Devendranath Tagore founded this organization by incorporating ideas from the principles of the Brahmo Samaj. The ideas of the Sabha were in line with the ideas of the Brahmo Samaj. The goals of the Tattvabodhini Sabha were to promote women's education and widow remarriage ,  implement the prohibition of alcohol , and  end polygamy.   In June  1840, the ' Tattvabodhini '  school was established.  In August 1847,  the Tattvabodhini Patrika was started to spread the ideas of the Sabha. It began publishing translations of the Upanishads.  In 1849 , ' Brahmadharma '  , a collection of thoughts on ancient religious texts of India,  was published. After that,  he wrote the work  ' Brahmadharmavyakyanam '  . The Tattvabodhini Sabha was dissolved in 1859 .

Zamindari Sabha

The Zamindari Sabha was an organization founded in 1839 by Dwarkanath Tagore and his brother Prasanna Kumar Tagore  .

Manav Dharma Sabha

Manav Dharma Sabha was a movement started in Surat, Gujarat  in 1844 by teacher and social worker Durgaram Mehta ,  Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhatkar and his friends. Proposing innovative ideas, Manav Dharma Sabha called on religions to believe only in the truth. It opposed superstitions and  blind faith. Manav Dharma Sabha accepted only the logic of science. However ,  this movement lasted only for a short time.

Nirankari Movement

The Nirankari Movement was a social reform movement among the Sikhs.  It was started in Punjab in 1851 by Baba Dayal Das ( 1783–1855)  . Its aim was religious reform among the Sikhs. The name of this movement, which calls for belief in a formless God,  means ' the formless one ' (Nirankari). The main aim of this movement was to restore the customs and beliefs of the Sikhs that existed during the time of Guru Nanak. The Nirankari Movement emerged after the end of the Sikh Empire and during the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Namdhari Movement

The Kukka Movement was a Sikh reform movement founded by Satguru Ram Singh in the mid-19th century, based in Ludhiana, Punjab, with the aim of restoring Sikh practices to their original purity and opposing British influence. It was also known as the Namdhari Movement.  Baba Ram Singh was a disciple of Balak Singh, the leader of the Kukka Movement that took place in 1841. The movement opposed religious reformist idolatry and abhorred priesthood, and worked against dowry and  child marriage. After the fall of the Sikh Empire and the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Namdhari Movement worked with the aim of promoting the Sikh faith and restoring Sikhism to its former glory.

Paramahansa Mandali

The Paramahansa Mandali was founded in Maharashtra in 1849 by  Durgaram Mettaji and  Dadoba Pandurang. The aims of this movement were to advocate for women's education and widow remarriage, oppose idol worship, abolish the caste system, and spread monotheism.

Madras Native Association

The Madras Native Association was the first organization started in the Madras Presidency to secure the rights of Indians.  The Madras Native Association was founded in  1852 by Ghazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty. The main objectives of the Madras Native Association were to protect the financial and commercial interests of industrialists and individuals, demand relief from excessive taxes, monitor the activities of European missionaries, and legally fight against the exploitation of workers .  

Sangat Sabha

The Sangat Sabha was an organization formed in Bengal in  1859 under the leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen. He formed the ' Sangat Sabha ' by organizing young people who believed in his ideas. The church strongly opposed the caste system that existed in society. The church argued that all human beings are equal in God's creation and therefore there should be no distinctions based on wealth and caste. He fought against the caste system and  economic inequality and stood firm on the idea of ​​equality. The activities of the Sangat Sabha were based on the idea of ​​equality in all fields. The church also organized debates on spiritual and social issues. Branches of the Sangat Sabha were established in many parts of the country.

Satya Mahima Dharma Movement

The Satya Mahima Dharma movement was a movement that began in Odisha. Mukund Das, also known as Mahima Gosain ,  founded the Satya Mahima Dharma movement in the 1860s with the help of Govinda Baba and Bhima Bhoi  . In Mukund Das's concept, God is an eternal being ,  formless and indescribable. The movement opposed Vaishnavism ,  idol worship , and  Brahmin priesthood and built its own temples. The movement opposed Vaishnavism, Jagannath worship, and other idol gods and believed in monotheism.

Veda Samaj

The Veda Samaj was founded in Madras in 1864 by Keshav Chandra Sen, who visited Madras  in 1864 to convince people of the need to establish the Veda Samaj. Later, Sridharlu Naidu visited Calcutta and studied the activities of the Brahma Samaj  . He returned to Madras and renamed the Veda Samaj as the Brahma Samaj of South India in 1871. The objectives of the movement were to promote social and religious reforms ,  eliminate caste differences ,  promote widow remarriage and female education ,  discourage superstitions and customs of orthodox Hinduism ,  and spread faith in the Supreme God. He translated the Brahmadharma texts into Tamil and Telugu and  undertook missionary tours to promote the book. However,  following the death of Sreedharlu Naidu in 1874 , several divisions arose within the Samaj.  

Deoband Movement

The Deoband Movement was founded in 1886 in Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, by Qasim Nanotavi and a few others. The aim was to reform Islam. Under their leadership, many religious institutions were established in North India. The main leader in starting such schools and colleges was a religious scholar named Rashid Ahmed Gangohi, a friend of Qasim Nanotavi. In general ,  the Deobandi were staunch opponents of Sufi devotional practices. The aim of the movement was the moral and religious revival of the Muslim community. This organization, which opposed the ideas propagated by the Aligarh Movement, welcomed the formation of the Indian National Congress.

Prarthana Samaj

The Prarthana Samaj was an organization in which Mahadev Govind Ranade ,  R.G. Bhandarkar ,  and N. Chandrawarkar worked from the forefront.   This movement was formed by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang in 1867 with the aim of cultural revival in Maharashtra. Dr. Atmaram Pandurang was a leader who shone as a social reformer and  physician. The work of the Prarthana Samaj was centered in Bombay. They worked for the welfare of women and the backward classes and promoted the elimination of caste discrimination ,  the advancement of women ,  monotheism ,  mixed marriages ,  mixed food ,  and widow remarriage. They also encouraged the abolition of child marriage and  idol worship. This is also an organization that started to reform Hindu religious customs and rituals in the light of modern culture and education. The principles of the Samaj also included emphasis on moral living and spiritual progress. The Brahmo Samaj of Bengal and other socio-religious reform movements influenced this organization. The Prarthana Samaj was popularized in South India by Veeresalingam of Andhra Pradesh.

Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded on April 2, 1870  , by Mahadeva Govind Ranade. The aim of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was to secure the rights of the people from the government. The Sabha published a quarterly to convey the problems of the people to the government. Bal Gangadhar Tilak ,  Meera Pavagi and others were the activists of the Sabha.

Singh Sabha Movement

The Singh Sabha was founded in 1873 in Amritsar, Punjab. The Singh Sabha was influential in the later birth of the Akali movement in Punjab. The Singh Sabha advocated the promotion of modern education and Western ideas for the reformation of Sikhism. The Singh Sabha aimed to counter the activities of Hindu movements such as the Brahma Samaj and Arya Samaj, Christian missionaries, and Muslim movements in Punjab. Another aim of the Singh Sabha was to restore the former glory of Sikhism and prevent the conversion of Sikhs to other religions.

Arya Samaj

Arya Samaj was founded by Dayananda Saraswati. Arya Samaj was formally registered in Mumbai  on 10 April 1875.  The motto of the organization is to make the world glorious. The Bible of Arya Samaj is known as Satyartha Prakasam written by Dayananda Saraswati. The objectives of the organization were to restore the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of Hinduism ,  to strive for the betterment of the material, spiritual and social well-being of humanity ,  and to foster civil rights movements in India. Arya Samaj was the first Hindu organization to introduce religious conversion in Hinduism. The Shuddhi movement was started in the early 20th century under the auspices of Arya Samaj with the aim of bringing Hindus back to their faith. Arya Samaj urged people to move away from Western practices and stand firm in indigenous cultural values. The ideas of the Vedas should be the basis for this. Dayananda Saraswati opined that the ability and capability of each person should be the measure of everything, without any caste distinction. His basic goal was to purify the caste system through this. The Arya Samaj was able to bring about changes in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan. Today, this Samaj is strong in many countries outside India.

Theosophical Society

The Theosophical Society (Brahmavidya Sangha) was founded in New York City in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky ,  Henry Steel Olcott ,  and William Quan Judge  as a socio-religious organization promoting unity and understanding of the wisdom of different traditions. A few years later, Olcott and Blavatsky moved to India and  established the international headquarters in Adyar, Madras (now Chennai). After Helena Blavatsky's death ( 1891),  rivalry arose within the Society among its founding members. The organization also split into the Theosophical Society  of Pasadena  . Annie Besant, a member of the Theosophical Society, played a major role in the Hindu revival, and played a major role in expanding the influence of the movement in India. She helped to establish the Central Hindu School ( 1898),  which later became the Banaras Hindu University . Branches of the Theosophical Society were established throughout India. Its publication, Theosophist, enjoyed wide circulation. C. Jinarajadasa was the first Indian to become the President of the Theosophical Society. Striving to form a universal brotherhood transcending race ,  religion ,  sex ,  caste and  colour, the Theosophical Society encouraged the study of comparative religion ,  philosophy and  science, and the investigation of the unexplained laws of nature and the powers latent in man.

Indian Association

The first all-India political organization  , the Indian Association ,  was formed in 1876  by Surendranath Banerjee and  Ananda Mohan Bose  . The Indian Association was also known as the Indian National Association. It was the Indian Association that took up the problems of the farmers depicted in Deenabandhu Mitra's  ' Neeldarpani ' .

Mohammedan Literary Society

The Mohammedan Literary Society was founded in Kolkata  in 1863 by Abdul Latif. The movement promoted education ,  discussion on social and  political issues ,  and the use of English medium schools for Muslim youth. It also aimed to eliminate social customs such as polygamy. The society organized meetings for discussions on various subjects such as science ,  art , and  life problems. The Lieutenant Governor of Bengal was made the patron of the society.

Aligarh Movement

The Aligarh Movement was a social educational reform movement that emerged in the late 19th century with the aim of providing modern education to Muslims in India. The founder of the Aligarh Movement was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. The name of the movement comes from the city of Aligarh, where the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College was established in 1875. The main objectives of the organization were to devise a modern system to impart Western-style scientific education to Muslims, Hindu- Muslim  unity, English education of the Muslim  community, Indian nationalism  , emancipation of Muslim women  , female education  , widow remarriage  , and improvement of the social conditions of Muslims, including the abolition of polygamy 

Satyashodhak Samaj

The Satyashodhak Samaj was a reform movement founded by Jyoti Rao Govindarao Phule for the upliftment of the lower classes of society.  It was founded by Jyoti Rao Phule in 1873 in Pune to educate the society about caste prejudice and to liberate the castes considered lower from the stigmas created by the upper castes. The Samaj was open to all, regardless of caste or class. Jyoti Rao is believed to have first used the term ' Dalit '  to refer to all those considered lower castes and untouchables by the upper castes.  Jyoti Rao's wife Savitribai Phule led the social work for the women's wing of the organization. Its slogans included fighting for civil rights and  rejecting Brahmin supremacy. They demonstrated that Brahmin priesthood was not required for religious ceremonies. He criticized Brahmanism through his books Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustakam and  Gulangiri. The leaders of Satyashodhak Samaj  joined the Indian National Congress in 1930 .

Madras Mahajana Sabha

The Madras Mahajana Sabha was formed in 1884 in the Madras province by M. Veeraraghavacharya. Other founding leaders included G. Subrahmanya Iyer ,  P. Anandacharlu ,  and S. Ramaswamy Mudaliar.   The first session of the Madras Mahajana Sabha was held   from  29  December  1884 to 2  January  1885.  The Madras Mahajana Sabha continued to be an important social reform movement for many years.

Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha

The Parsi reform movement, the Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha, was founded by Naoroji Furdonji ,  Dadabhai Naoroji ,  and S.S. Bengali. Established in Bombay,  the ' Rahnumai Masdayasan Sabha '  worked for the advancement of the Parsi religion.

Deccan Education Society

The Deccan Education Society was an educational movement founded  in Pune in 1884 by Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade ,  Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar ,  G.G. Agarkar ,  and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. It gained fame for its quality of education by establishing the New English School in Pune in 1880. The activities of this institution inspired the establishment of the Deccan Education Society. The Deccan Education Society was formed with the aim of contributing to the work of education and culture in Western India. Until then, government institutions and Christian missionaries were involved in public education. The aim of the Deccan Education Society was to bring about social transformation by providing modern education to students. Deccan Education Society has focused on providing education to students in the field of higher education ,  combining traditional and modern ideas.  The society, which started its operations in  1885 with the establishment of Fergusson College in Pune, currently owns 45  educational institutions.  

Deva Samaj

The Deva Samaj was a religious and social reform movement founded by Pandit Shiv Narayan Agnihotri in Lahore on  16 February  1887.  He had previously been active in the Brahma Samaj. The Deva Samaj rejected contemporary Hinduism. Its rituals and deities were replaced by the worship of the true ' guru ', the divine, the divine. The aim of the Deva Samaj was to eradicate the vices of hatred and  selfishness among the people and to inculcate selfless feelings of compassion ,  gratitude and  devotion. The book containing the teachings of the Deva Samaj is the Deva Shastra. The Deva Samaj was against casteism. The Deva Samaj opposed the immorality of child marriage. The organization promoted mixed food ,  mixed marriages ,  widow remarriage ,  and female education. Shivnarayan Agnihotri, who embraced civilized ideas, even set an example by marrying a widow.

Indian National Social Conference

The Indian National Social Conference was founded in 1887 by Mahadev Govind Ranade and Raghunath Rao. The Indian National Social Conference functioned as the social reform wing of the Indian National Congress. The workers of the Indian National Social Conference participated in the annual sessions of the Indian National Congress and focused on social reform.  The speech delivered by M.G. Ranade at the Social Conference session held in Lucknow in 1895 is very famous. The conference promoted mixed marriages and opposed Kulinism and polygamy.

Ahmadiyya Movement

The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in 1889. The Ahmadiyya Movement was founded with the aim of countering the conflicts that arose between the Brahmo Samaj and the Christian missionaries among the people on behalf of Muslims. Ghulam Ahmad was greatly influenced by Western liberalism ,  theology ,  and the religious reform movements of Hindus. Sufi ,  orthodox Islamic ,  Hindu , and  Christian elements were integrated in the Ahmadiyya Movement. The movement's aim was to revive Islam with an emphasis on peace ,  tolerance ,  and love ,  to advocate for the welfare of humanity, and to promote the teachings of Islam. The principles of the Ahmadiyya Movement are similar to those of the Brahmo Samaj. The Ahmadiyya Movement put forward the principle of being a universal religion for all mankind. The movement emphasized universal brotherhood. The movement spread Western liberal education among Indian Muslims and started a network of schools and colleges for this purpose.

Ramakrishna Mission

The Ramakrishna Mission was founded on May 1, 1897  , in Belur, Kolkata,  by Swami Vivekananda, a disciple of Sri Ramakrishna  Paramahamsa. The motto of the Ramakrishna Mission is ' Atmano Mokshartham Jagathitaayacha ' ( For one's own liberation and the welfare of the world). This organization, which was started to propagate Vedanta, gives importance to service activities in addition to spiritual teaching. The mission's declared policy is to lead the individual to salvation and through it to the welfare of the world. The Ramakrishna Mission urges that human service should be the goal through sannyas and that service to humanity is service to God. Sister Nivedita, a prominent disciple of Swami Vivekananda ,  was the main spokesperson of the Ramakrishna Mission. The objectives of the Ramakrishna Mission were to provide social health care ,  provide relief to the suffering ,  spread the ideas taught by Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ,  promote the equality of all religions and create unity among followers of different religions ,  provide education to all ,  and promote crafts and handicrafts.

Servants of India Society

The Servants of India Society was founded by Gopalakrishna Gokhale in Pune, Maharashtra in 1905. The organization sought to create a group of people dedicated to social service and reform. The main objectives of the Servants of India Society were to promote education ,  sanitation , and  health care. Other objectives of the society were to fight against social evils such as untouchability ,  discrimination ,  alcoholism ,  poverty ,  oppression of women ,  and domestic violence. To bring the activities of the organization to the people,  a newspaper called Hitavada was published from 1911.  The organization is currently headquartered in Pune. The organization has done commendable work for hunger relief ,  organization ,  cooperative societies ,  and the upliftment of tribals and the depressed.

Swadesh Bandhab Samiti

Swadesh Bandhab Samiti was an organization founded by Ashwini Kumar Dutta on August 6 , 1905, after the partition of Bengal   . Swadesh Bandhab Samiti was formed in the Barisal district of present-day Bangladesh. The main objective of the Samiti was to increase the consumption of local products and boycott foreign goods. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti started several manufacturing plants for local products.

Hitakarini Samaj

The Hitakarini Samaj was founded by Veeresalingam Pantulu, known as the father of modern Andhra Pradesh. He was the one who initiated the renaissance in Andhra Pradesh. He was a social reformer who brought about great changes in Telugu society. He  founded the Hitakarin Samaj on 12  December  1906 with the aim of social service . He worked to promote widow remarriage. He even organized widow marriages in his own house. He donated all his land, money, and copyrights of his books to the Hitakarin Samaj.  

Indian Society of Oriental Arts

The Indian Society of Oriental Arts is an organization founded in 1907 by Gajendranath Tagore and Abanindranath Tagore  .

Social Service League

The Social Service League was founded in Bombay in 1911 by N.M. Joshi, a leading activist of the Servants of India Society.   The main function of the Social Service League was to collect and study the opinions of the people on questions arising from social services and to discuss social problems. The organization worked with the aim of improving the quality of life of the people through these activities. The Social Service League opened several day and night schools ,  libraries ,  dispensaries and started boys' clubs and scout corps.

Hindu Mahasabha

The Hindu Mahasabha was an organization founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya in 1907. The Hindu Mahasabha was a Hindu party confined to North India. The aim of the organization was to unify the Hindu community by overcoming the differences based on caste and beliefs. However, the activities of the Hindu Mahasabha were expanded to the whole of India  in  1915. The first session of the Hindu Mahasabha was held in Haridwar in 1915. The Hindu Mahasabha worked in collaboration with other Hindu organizations and the Arya Samaj. Other organizations founded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya include the Prayaga Hindu Samaj (1880 )  ,  Bharat Dharma Mandal ( 1887),  Ganga Mahasabha ( 1905),  Sanatana Dharma Mahasabha ( 1906),  Prayaga Seva Samiti (1919), and All India Swadeshi Union ( 1932)  .

Self-respect movement

E.V. Ramaswamy started the Self Respect Movement  in 1925. At that time, Brahmin supremacy prevailed. This movement was to protect the self-respect of the backward people against their power and discrimination. Ramaswamy, who had experienced hunger and poverty in the country, realized that only the upper castes   had wealth and facilities. That is how he formed   the “ Self Respect . E.V. Ramaswamy became part of the national movement by joining from the Congress the Indian Later, Ramaswamy formed  anda social . He is described  as the “Father of the Dravidian Movement”. Annadurai, a disciple of Ramaswamy,  formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. Today, the DMK is one of the dominant forces in Tamil Nadu politics.

Harijan Sevak Sangh

Following the Second Round Table Conference, it was decided to introduce a communal award for the backward classes at the request of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. But Gandhiji opposed the idea of ​​treating the backward classes as a separate class. Then,  on 20  September  1932  , Gandhiji began a fast in Yerwada Jail to withdraw the communal award. Gandhiji ended his fast after signing the Poona Pact with Ambedkar. According to this, the special reserved seats for the backward classes were abolished and their reserved seats in general Hindu constituencies were doubled. Then he went on an all-India tour for the expulsion of untouchability. Gandhiji formed an organization called Harijan Sevak Sangh for the upliftment of the backward classes. The Sangh was established to fight against untouchability in the country. Gandhiji also started a new newspaper called ' The Harijan '  for the progress of the untouchables  . The headquarters of the Sangh was located in New Delhi. G.D. Birla was the first president of the Harijan Sevak Sangh.  

All India Kisan Sabha

After 1920 , state Kisan Sabhas were formed in various states of India. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar.  In 1929 , Sahajananda Saraswati formed the Bihar Province Kisan Sabha. The socialists and communists felt that the farmers needed a central organization at the all-India level. Thus,  in 1936 , the All India Kisan Sabha was formed in Lucknow. Sahajananda Saraswati was the first president. N.G. Ranga was the first general secretary. The slogan was "Krishi Bhoomi Karshakan".  In October 1937,  the Kisan Sabha adopted the red flag as its official flag.

Objectives of the All India Kisan Sabha

■ To end feudalism and distribute land free of charge to farmers and other rural workers. 

■ Reduce land taxes. 

■ To improve the quality of life of the rural population and develop agriculture and industry. 

■ End the exploitation of farmers and other rural workers. 

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is an organization founded in Mumbai in 1938 by K.M. Munshi with the help of Gandhiji. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is an Indian educational trust. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan was founded by K.M. Munshi to study ancient Aryan culture and to promote modern Indian culture in the context of Indian history. The first branch of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan started functioning in Mumbai. Later, this movement gained popularity all over India.

Bhoodan Movement

The 'Bhoodan Movement'  was founded by Acharya Vinoba Bhave to propagate Gandhian beliefs  . Its aim was to take over land donated by big landowners and give it to the poor.  It was started in April 1951  in present-day Telangana. Vinoba and his team ,  during a visit to Pochampally village in Nalgonda district, came to know that two-thirds of the village was landless. Subsequently, a landlord named Ramchandra Reddy of the village  donated 100  acres of land to the landless. This was the first donation received by the Bhoodan Prasthanam. This movement gained popularity all over India.  After 1957 , this initiative gradually died out.